The obligation of e-commerce intermediary service providers and e-commerce service providers to obtain licenses from the Ministry of Commerce was introduced to our legal system with the “Law Amending the Law on the Regulation of Electronic Commerce" [available only in Turkish] published in the Official Gazette dated 7 July 2022, and thus has been amended by the Presidential Decree No. 6829 [available only in Turkish] published in the Official Gazette dated 23 February 2023 and numbered 32113.

According to Law no. 17/2014 on the regulation of the sale of agricultural land located outside a built-up area (Ro. extravilan), an 80% tax applies to the sale of such land if it is sold before the expiry of 8 years from its purchase.

Being declared insolvent for an unpaid invoice in Hungary seems to be an exaggeration, yet it is a possible outcome in liquidation proceedings. What kind of standard of proof is applied by judges? Does the "beyond a reasonable doubt" standard, known in criminal proceedings applies? This article addresses this issue by analysing a recent decision of the Hungarian Supreme Court.

After the covid-19 pandemic, the EU economy is now being disrupted by the Russia-Ukraine conflict. The rising energy prices and disrupted supply chains have resulted in a further increase in inflation. According to the Hungarian Central Statistics Office, average inflation in Hungary was 24.5% in December 2022, the highest in the European Union. However, inflation of food products was even higher, reaching a staggering 44.8% year-on-year price increase by December 2022. This number is almost three times higher than the EU average.

In recent years, online platforms have become crucial for individuals and small businesses, providing them with enhanced capabilities to interact, purchase and organize due to the data sharing among all market participants. However, many of these platforms have become quasi-monopolies and engage in anticompetitive conduct against their small-business counterparts, leading to calls for regulation from both theoreticians and EU institutions. The P2B Regulation aims to protect business users of online intermediation services by promoting fairness and transparency.

A two-and-a-half-year deadlock impeding the sale of Romanian farmland located outside buildable areas and acquired less than eight years ago seems to have been finally cleared. On 2 February 2023 a much-awaited normative act came into effect, filling a series of legislative gaps and allowing public notaries to authenticate sale agreements for certain types of farmland located outside buildable areas.

Law 43/2023 on the introduction of a tax amnesty for tax liabilities, including interest and penalties for late payment, calculated by the tax authorities following the reclassification of income from gift vouchers obtained by individuals from persons other than employers, from the category of income from other sources to the category of salary income, was published in the Official Gazette no. 163 on 24 February 2023.

Starting from 1 February of 2023, the Commercial Code of Estonia changed, and a new Commercial Register Act came into force.

Fashion house Christian Dior Couture (“Dior“) filed in 2021 to the EU Intellectual Property Office (“EUIPO“) an application for registration of 3D shape of bag of this designer house – so-called Saddle bag as trademark within class 9 (mainly referring to eyeglass and phone cases) and class 18 (various handbags). EUIPO partly refused the application stating that the form of the bag lacked distinctiveness and that this bag is practically one of many in the world market.

The EU support for renewables, fostered from the outset by climate change and environmental/health as well as energy independence concerns, has prompted across the years a booming renewable business. Then the war in Ukraine broke out and the ensuing energy crisis raised a structural question mark on how EU could best react to these challenges and what role would the renewables play in the process.

This article is part of a series on developments in Austrian environment and climate change law in 2022 and, in particular, focuses on case law developments. For further details on legislative developments see, "Key developments in Austrian environment and climate change law in 2022: part one – legislation".

The acronym ESG has recently become more and more common in business circles. Therefore, we have decided to write up this short article to help you understand what ESG is and what it means for business relationships.

The energy crisis and rising costs are not the primary driver but have certainly accelerated discussions on energy sustainability. Responsible companies and real estate developers are already implementing construction strategies that enable energy sustainability and qualify for certificates such are LEED and BREEM. As the market is turning greener, real estate developers are motivated to do so: it increases the demand, secures financing, and provides an overall better company image.

The latest amendments to the Bulgarian Spatial Development Act introducing the simplified procedure for constructing photovoltaic systems on rooftops entered into force on 20 January 2023, easing the regime for the installation of small power plants.

The amended Rules of Proceedings of the Arbitration Court attached to the Hungarian Chamber of Commerce and Industry (hereinafter referred to as “Rules of Proceedings”) entered into force on 31 December 2022, which apply to proceedings commenced on the date of the entry into effect or thereafter.

The legislation concerning crypto-assets has always been fragmented between different states in the EU. Having a crypto exchange license in one EU country did not mean that it would be automatically legal to operate in another EU state as well. Whereas some countries like Estonia were the pioneers of crypto legislation, many others have been lacking behind and have further exacerbated this fragmented state.

In the last five years, the number of labour lawsuits in Hungary has dramatically decreased by because of the new Civil Procedure Code. However, due to the recent amendment of the Hungarian Labour Code from January2023, a new category of labour lawsuits may emerge. Do employers face a real risk because the new rules? We analyse this question below.

Extraordinary circumstances, such as the Covid-19 pandemic or the war in Ukraine, and all that goes with them, including high inflation, which manifests itself in skyrocketing prices for raw materials, other supplies, energy, and labor, prevent contracts from being performed on schedule. Price indexation can effectively restore economic equilibrium for parties to public procurement contracts.